Identifying Macromolecules by Means of Colour Change

Identifying Macromolecules by Means of Colour Change By Marike Coetzee B Dietetics II 1. Introduction 1.1 Aim The purpose of this lab was to observe the colour changes (due to chemical reactions) indicators had on different macromolecules in food;1 such as starch, proteins and lipids; and then to identify the macromolecules found in an Unknown solution. These known solutions contained different types of macromolecules which each reacted with at least one indicator solution in a unique way, which allowed us to identify the macromolecule based upon the presence or absence of a colour change. Water was also used as a control solution, as it showed a negative reaction with the indicator solutions.2 This experiment produced results which provided a clear understanding of the colour change that occurred when each known solution reacted with each indicator solution. When the colour changes associated with the Unknown solution were compared with those of the known solutions, it is possible to deduce which macromolecules are present in the Unknown solution 1.2 General background The four types of macromolecules (organic compounds) found in all living organisms and substances are lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids. Foods and nutrients, which consist of plants, animals or derivatives thereof; are a combination of these macromolecules.3 It is important to determine which macromolecules are found in food as macromolecules play an important role in nutrition. The basis of this experiment is that the four types of macromolecules consist of different atoms and atom arrangements. Protein for example contains an NH group while carbohydrates contain a CHO group. This difference will cause the molecules to react differently with substances and enabling us to determine the compositions of different samples.4 ProteinCarbohydrate 1.3 Focussed background Negative and positive results for each indicator:1 *The intensity of the colours is an indication of the amount of the respective macromolecules found in the samples. Water, protein, starch, lipid, vitamin C and an unknown sample were each treated with the different indicators solutions (iodine, Sudan III and Biuret copper sulphate) to determine how that sample solution (and that type of macromolecule) would react with each specific indicator. The identity of the unknown solution can then be determined by comparing the reactions of the unknown solution with the reactions of the five known solutions. 2. Method and Materials 2.1 Materials/ Reagents Apparatus used: White paper 10ml test tubes Pipette Reagents: WaterAscorbic AcidIodine solution ProteinGlucoseSudan III LipidUnknownBiuret copper solution 2.2 Procedure: Set up three sets of seven clear, clean, 10ml test tubes and mark each set with the following: water, protein, starch, lipid, vitamin C and an unknown sample. Place 5 ml of each solution into each tube. Add one drop iodine to the first set of seven tubes, Sudan III to the second set and Biuret copper sulphate to the last set of tubes. Place a white paper behind the tubes so any colour change can be easily observed Record the colour changes in the table below. 3. Results 4. Discussion Interpretation of results To create a control group, the different indicator solutions was added to water and used as a colour standard for a negative result. Any colour variation from the control group means a positive result. The indicator solution that could best be used to show the presence of different starch molecules was Iodine as it turned from yellow to a dark/ purple black in the presence of starch. Sudan III is the best indicator of lipids, since this solution turned orange, which is different than the controls red colour, and also only reacts with lipids and none of the other macromolecules. To test for protein; a biuret copper sulphate solution was used, since protein reacted with the biuret copper sulphate to form a dark purple solution. This is considered a change since this solution (purple) is a different colour than the control solution (light blue). Vitamin C has two indicator solutions that can be used to determine its identity: iodine and biuret copper sulphate. The iodine indicator reacted with the vitamin C to produce a colourless solution, which can be contrasted with the yellow control, while the biuret and copper sulphate produced a yellow solution that differed from the light blue control. Broader implication of results The Iodine solution turned yellow to colourless in the presence of simple carbohydrates (starch and Vitamin C) but it turned dark purple/black when it was added to the Unknown solution. From the focussed background information, it can be deduced that the Unknown sample contained a complex carbohydrate. The Sudan III tested positive (changed from light red to orange) when added to a lipid but no colour change occurred when the indicator was added to the unknown. Therefore the unknown sample does not contain any lipids Although the Biuret and Copper solution reacted differently for each of the protein, lipid and vitamin C; the solution stayed light blue when added to the starch and unknown. This proves again that the Unknown is a carbohydrate. Conclution Due to the colour changes observed when the Unknown sample was treated with the different indicators, it can be deduced that the Unknown sample contained a complex carbohydrate, and none lipids or proteins. The unknown solution, labelled Unknown, reacted with the iodine indicator to form a purple black solution. The only known solution which reacted with iodine to form a black solution was starch. Although these colours don’t match up perfectly, they are the closest match. The difference in colour between the starch solution and the Unknown solution could be explained by a difference in concentration between the two solutions or by the difference in degree of complexity of the different starches. A factor that could have influence the difference in concentration is if the solutions weren’t both well shaken, since starch can settle out of solution. 5. References Yourscienceteacher.net [Internet]. Identifying macromolecules and Nutrients Lab background. Your Science teacher. [updated 2010; cited 2014-10-09]. Available from: http://www.cpet.ufl.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/Identifying-Macromolecules-Lab.pdf Inky, EFA [Internet]. Identification of Macromolecules. Study Mode. [updated 2011-10-23; cited 2014-10-09]. Available from: http://www.studymode.com/essays/Identification-Of-Macromolecules-Lab-Report-810104.html nesscityschools.org [Internet]. Identifying macromolecules. Nesscity Schools [updated 2013; cited 2014-10-09]. Available from: http://www.nesscityschools.org/vimages/shared/vnews/stories/53f3996a455d1/Macromolecules%20Lab.pdf Smith JK [Internet]. Identifying macromolecules and proteins. Osborne Highschool [updated 2013; cited 2014-10-09]. Available from: http://osbornehighschool.typepad.com/files/biochemistry-lab-identifying-macromolecules2013s-with-post-lab-questions.doc

Suicide Speech Outline

Speech OutlineTopic: Suicide SpecificPurpose: To aware people about suicide and help them to find out if someone could be living this awful situation. By being aware all of us could save lives in danger. Introduction: Attention Getter: Suicide is the 3rd leading cause of death in the U. S. surpassed by accidents and homicide. (According to Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention) Statement of Significance: Suicide or â€Å"self-killing† or â€Å"an act of taking one’s own life† according to Robert M. Martin. Now committing suicide is very common in nowadays anyone could be in danger of doing it, your mom, dad, brother, sister, uncle, and aunt could be going through this hard stage. I will tell you the main causes of suicide, the signs of a suicidal person, and how could you help someone on need. Preview: Today I will be talking about why people commit suicide, the sings and methods and finally how we can help someone that wants to commit suicide. Transition: Now that I covered the significance let’s see why people do itBody: I. Why do people commit suicide?A. They think it’s killing themselves is the only way of his/her problems. 1. Usually when someone takes over hi/her life they aren’t thinking straight because for example (when you were little and you went to the doctor and they wanted to give you an injection you would say no, because it would hurt. Now imagine wanting to end up with your own life) 2. Most of the times suicide is planned buy in other cases is not planned its just and instinct that people have and supposedly their way out of problems. Women attempt suicide more often than men, but men are 4 times more likely to commit suicide because men use more effective methods such as gun and hanging themselves.B. Depression1. Having some personal problems such as a breakup, a big fight with a loved one, parents getting a divorce, being an outcast in school or in other place, even an unwanted pregnancy could depress someone that much that suicide is their first thing in their heads and they end up doing it. 2. Having some personal issues is also a main cause of suicide such as being sexually abuse, homosexual preferences, and self- identity and a trauma (according to Edwin Shneidman) which includes poor health, example asthma, obesity, and multiple illness . Transition: Now you know the main causes why do people commit suicide, now let’s see the sings of a suicidal person and methods of suicide. II. Sings of a suicidal person and methodsA. Signs1. The suicidal signs are easy to identify, and if you identify them early enough you could save a person’s live that could be in danger. 2. According to the website kidshealth. org here are the signs of a suicidal person * talking about suicide or death in general * talking about â€Å"going away† * referring to things they â€Å"won’t be needing† or giving away possessions * talking about feeling hopeless or feeling guilty pulling away from friends or family and losing the desire to go out * having no desire to take part in favorite things or activities * having trouble concentrating or thinking clearly * experiencing changes in eating or sleeping habits * engaging in self-destructive behavior (for ex. drinking, drugs, or cutting)B. Methods1. Top 10 suicidal methods according to listverse. com 10. Drowning 5. Carbon Monoxide Inhalation 9. Electric shock 4. Poison 8. Bleeding to death 3. Hanging 7. Jumping 2. Drug/ Alcohol Overdose 6. Suffocation 1. Gun Shot III. How could we help/ prevent suicide? A. If it’s someone you know? 1. Don’t leave a family, friend, or stranger alone trying to commit suicide. Try to help them in any kind of way you can by giving them advices and make the realize how suicide could affect everyone around them B. What if it’s you? 1. If suicide has come across your mind, don’t just sit there get some help from a person you trust as soon as possible, or you could call the suicide line 24/7 1-800-SUICIDE or 1-800-999-9999. Remember that suicide is not the way out. Transition: So know you know if saving a live is in your hand do it right away and before it’s too late. Conclusion: Before I finish remember that Restatement of significance: It’s important that we take any sing in consideration because our loved ones could be thinking of a suicide and we must protect them. Review: I have covered why people commit suicide, the sings and methods and finally how we can help someone that wants to commit suicide, so once again keep these in mind you could save a life. Closing Device: Just remember that suicide is not the way out.References: 1. Robert M.Martin Suicide: The Philosophical Issues New York: 1980 48-54 2. Edwin S. Shneidman Suicidology: Contemporary Developments New York 1976 1-14 3. Methods of suicide http://listverse. com/health/top-10-ways-to-commit-suicide/ 24 June 2008 4. Suicide in general http://kidsheath. org/parent/emotions/behaviors/suicide. html 24 June 2008

Outcome 1 †Understand Why Effective Communication Is...

Unit 051 – Promote communication in Health, Social Care or Children’s and Young People’s Settings Outcome 1 – Understand why effective communication is important in the work setting. 1.1 Identify the different reasons people communicate. There are many reasons why people communicate. We communicate to establish a relationship, we start using eye contact, smiles and general greetings such as ‘hello’. Having good relationships as a practitioner is essential because you are always meeting new parents, colleagues and students. Once established it is important to maintain the relationships. If you fail to maintain relationships it can lead to feelings of insecurity and it’s important not to let this happen in your setting. Another†¦show more content†¦It shows respect to other people and a lack of manners is often interpreted as a lack of respect. Manners will influence on children’s behaviour therefore practitioners will need to be good role models. 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The Criminal Justice System Needed A Change - 1096 Words

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